低能氮离子束对不同倍性水稻的诱变效应

对二倍体水稻和同源四倍体水稻进行了低能氮离子束注入处理并对其生物学效应进行了鉴定.结果表明,低能氮离子束注入处理后对同源四倍体水稻产生的生物学效应比对二倍体水稻的生物学效应更明显,前者比后者对低能氮离子束注入更敏感;6份同源四倍体水稻的平均变异频率为21.2%,而6份相应的二倍体水稻的平均变异频率为2.6%;通过对实验材料的鉴定和筛选,获得了一些具有一定特点的突变体(高结实率的同源四倍体水稻、具有双胚苗特性的同源四倍体水稻、具有红心米性状的二倍体水稻等).由此认为,利用低能离子束注入技术对同源四倍体水稻进行遗传改良的效果值得肯定.     

离子注入技术及其在小麦育种中的应用

离子注入是一种新的诱变技术,已在作物诱变育种中发挥了重要作用.本文对离子注入引起变异的诱变机理及由此引起的生物体在生理生化、细胞学、分子遗传学等方面产生的各种生物效应进行了综述,同时对离子注入技术在小麦新品种选育、新种质创造以及介导外源基因导入等方面的应用做了分析,并对离子注入改良小麦的发展前景作了展望.     

离子色谱法测定乳制品中硫氰酸盐的研究

[目的]建立乳制品中硫氰酸盐含量测定的离子色谱方法。[方法]样品溶液经乙酸沉淀,去除蛋白质及脂肪的干扰后,过滤装瓶。采用Ion Pac AS11-HC柱(4 mm×250 mm)对其进行分离。以保留时间定性,试样中硫氰酸根峰面积比与标准系列比较定量。[结果]试验表明,硫氰酸盐在0.1~2.0 mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为R2=0.999 6,添加回收率为92.0%~96.6%,变异系数分别为1.18%~2.28%,定量限为1.0 mg/kg。[结论]该方法简便、快速、可靠,可用于市售乳制品中硫氰酸盐含量的测定。     

Dopamine modulates the physiological response of the tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon

Levels of glucose, lactate, pO₂, pCO₂, HCO₃⁻, TCO₂, Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, protein, and oxyhemocyanin in the hemolymph and its osmolality and pH were measured when tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon (13.5 ± 1.5 g body weight), were individually injected with saline or dopamine at 10^− 8, 10^− 7, or 10^− 6 mol shrimp^− 1. Results showed that hemolymph glucose, lactate, pCO₂, HCO₃⁻, and TCO₂ values increased from 2 to 4 h; hemolymph osmolality, Na⁺, and total protein had increased at 2 h; and hemolymph K⁺ decreased from 2 to 8 h after the dopamine injection. All physiological parameters returned to the control values 4–16 h after receiving dopamine. The dopamine injection also significantly decreased the oxyhemocyanin/protein ratio of P. monodon which occurred at 2 h, resulting from an elevation of hemolymph protein and a slight decrease of oxyhemocyanin. These results suggest that stress-inducing dopamine caused a transient period of modulation of energy metabolism, osmoregulation, respiration, and the acid–base balance in P. monodon in adapting to this environmental stress.     

用离子交换树脂催化法合成松油醇

探讨了用离子交换树脂催化合成松油醇的工艺条件,考察了溶剂、反应温度和反应时间等对水合反应的影响。     

Anionic Exchange Membranes as a Soil Test for Nitrogen Availability

Abstract

A better understanding of nitrogen (N) availability to crops remains an essential key for a productive and safe production system. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of anionic exchange membranes (AEMs) as part of a soil‐testing procedure to predict in situ soil NO₃‐N availability for forage and corn produced in eastern Canada. The AEMs were buried in the surface horizon (0–15 cm) at four experimental sites for forage and at one site for corn. Treatments consisted of five NH₄NO₃ rates (0, 60, 120, 180, and 240 kg N ha^?1) in forage and of six anhydrous ammonia (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 kg N ha^?1) in corn production. In all sites, NO₃ ^? adsorbed on AEMs (NO_3AEMs) increased significantly with N fertilizer rates, indicating the ability of the AEMs to detect differences between N fertilizer treatments and to predict the soil N availability to crops. The NO_3AEMs fluxes were significantly related to soil NO₃‐N concentration as extracted by water or KCl (0.66≤R²≤0.95). Significant relationships between crop N uptake and NO_3AEMs were obtained (0.52≤R²≤0.94), suggesting that AEMs can be used as an index of soil N availability. Results indicated that AEMs provide a reasonably accurate evaluation of N availability to forage and corn. Because of their low cost, simplicity, and consistency over years, soils, and crops, AEMs could be efficiently used in soil N availability analysis.     

Analysis of cationic elements in liquid samples by x‐ray

Abstract

Plant analyses methods have expanded immensely to document plant mineral element deficiency and toxicity disorders and to note mineral element interactions. Experiments were conducted to determine the feasibility of using cation exchange papers for the extraction of cationic elements from solutions to be analyzed by x‐ray fluorescence. The cationic elements Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu were effectively extracted from solutions by one exchange resin paper disk if solutions were passed several times through the exchange resin paper. Calcium and Mg were extracted from solutions if two or three separate exchange papers were used, and K was not extracted from solutions with the use of up to five separate exchange papers. The relatively high concentrations of K in solutions and the relatively low exchange capacity of ion exchange resin papers apparently prevented the effective removal of K from solution. The detectability limits on the exchange resin disks by this technique were <2.8 μg Al, 0.5 μg Fe, 0.10 μg Mn, 0.10 μg Zn, and 0.08 μg Cu. Extraction of cationic elements from solutions for x‐ray analysis appeared practical and relatively rapid for Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu, less practical for Ca and Mg, and impractical for K.     

硅对大麦耐盐性的影响及其机制

研究了水培和土培条件下硅对盐敏感大麦（Hordeum vulgare L.）科品7号和耐盐大麦鉴4耐盐性的影响及其作用机制。结果表明,水培和土培条件下适量加硅可降低大麦的盐害。硅显著提高盐胁迫大麦根系脱氢酶活性,降低叶片细胞汁液浓度。硅可显著提高盐胁迫下大麦体内的钾离子浓度、降低钠离子浓度,并提高土培大麦植株体内氮、磷的积累量及磷的浓度,改善盐胁迫大麦植株的养分平衡状况。硅对耐盐大麦盐害的缓解效果比对盐敏感大麦更显著。硅对大麦耐盐性的影响主要是通过降低钠离子毒害、减轻水分胁迫程度和改善植株体内的养分平衡状况而实现的。硅参与了植物的代谢或生理活动。     

大豆耐盐性研究进展*

本文从离子毒害、膜脂和蛋白质组分改变、活性氧伤害、根瘤和盐腺等方面,概述了有关大豆耐盐性的研究进展。阐明了大豆右以通过渗透调节、膜组分改变、清除活性氧等生理机制增强抗盐性,还可通过根瘤、盐腺等形态结构适应盐逆境。指出了提高大豆耐盐以进行盐土生物改良和综合开发的可能途径及今后的研究方向。     

离子注入水稻种子萌发过程中的自由基和SOD酶研究

用能量30Kw_1剂量6×10~(16)N~ /cm~2的氮离子束辐照水稻早籼品种广陆矮4号,用ESR波谱术和氮蓝四唑(NBT)还原法测定水稻种子萌发过程中的自由基和SOD酶的变化.在室温和低温下测定离子注入水稻干种子的ESR谱,结果表明:辐照后的水稻干种子有较高的自由基产额;低温测定ESR波谱显现出二条谱峰,这为糖和蛋白质在电离辐射作用下产生的特征峰.种子萌发过程中的自由基变化是在种子吸水8小时时自由基浓度锐减,16小时降至最低点;自由基清除酶之一SOD酶,随着吸水时间的增加,酶活性逐渐增加,SOD酶的清除作用主要表现在生物体内源自由基的清除.最后生物体内自由基和SOD酶形成动态平衡.